ADB Sumba Final Report FINAL v2 | PDF | Renewable Energy | Energy Development.
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Sebanyak 2. The protocol develops regulation concerning procedures, targets, institutions, mechanism in lowering GHGs, compliance procedures and dispute settlement.
The Kyoto Protocol is based on the general framework established by the Convention. It is driven by emission reduction commitments of Annex 1 countries. As developing country with a great population and limited economic ability, Indonesia is very vulnerable against the effect on climate change for the environment and the life of the nation.
The project that evidenced reduced emissions will be certified and the CER certified emission reduction will be credited to the investing country. Then the CER will be counted against their national reduction targets. CDM projects will typically involve Annex I countries as investors and non-Annex I Parties as hosts, essentially joint ventures between developed and developing countries. However, the trading rules do not explicitly require CDM projects to be financed by developed countries; developing countries can initiate their own projects to create certified emission reductions and then sell them to Annex I Parties Unilateral CDM.
Project Design 2. CDM projects must also be additional in terms of budget source. Project investment that is not considered as supportive to sustainable development objectives cannot be claimed as CDM projects, i. So, CDM projects should focus on those sectors. Sistem metrik Sistem Internasional Lebih dikenal dalam dunia secara luas, terdiri atas:!
Untuk memahami, mengendalikan dan menghitug kesalahan dalam pengukuran 2. Untuk memahami dan menghitung secara lebih baik suatu ketidakpastian struktur dan produk rekayasa 4. Modus: nilai yang paling sering muncul! Median: nilai tengan data setelah diurutkan! Sifat termodinamika zat! Sistem termodinamika! Variabel keadaan! Proses termodinamika! Hukum I Termodinamika! Hukum II Termodinamika!
Massa m! Temperatur T! Tekanan P! Volume spesifik V! Energi dalam U! Entalphi H! Variabel keadaan:! Volume V! Contoh: udara T tinggi P The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have rendah been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Diagram Triangular digunakan untuk menggambarkan sistem tiga komponen.
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Kapasitor, Fluks Listrik! Energi listrik, gaya listrik, kerja listrik, energi potensial listrik, potensial listrik! Muatan listrik sebesar Q coulomb akan menghasilkan medan listrik. Kilang baru? Cluster Tangguh?? Nilai kalori batubara rata-rata 6. Scope of supply : Slurry preparation, Gasifier, Particulate scrubbing, Black water handling. Geothermal energy uses steam and hot water from below the earth s surface to create electricity.
Dalam hal susbtitusi BBM, biomassa merupakan sumber energi terbarukan yang relatif langsung dapat dikonversi menjadi bahan bakar. Byproduct : glycerine glycerol. Byproduct : water. Miscible at all proportion with petroleum diesel oil; has a better lubricity.
Teknologinya sedang dikembangkan negara-negara maju. Sumber potensial di Indonesia: buah dari pohon-pohon Pittosporum sp.
Nilai kalor : 2 m3 biogas kondisi kamar setara dengan 1 liter minyak bakar atau minyak tanah 35 —37 MJ. Baik untuk bahan bakar lokal pengganti kerosin minyak tanah di rumah tangga sekitar lokasi pembangkitannya.
Gasohol can be used in gasoline engine without modification. Technology is suitable for wet biomass, such as manure. Thetotalnumberoftripsrequiredtotransportwoodybiomassisestimatedfromthetotalamount of woody biomass available in candidate sites, biomass density, and the freight of truck arrangement.
This could anticipate seasonal variation in SumbaIslandwheredryseasonoccurnormallyfor8months fromApriltoNovember. Wood chips biomass could be stored outdoor in open area in piles. After field drying, outdoor storedwoodwouldbeexpectedtoonlyslightlyincreaseinmoisturecontentfromprecipitation.
Thefollowingsaretobeconsideredindesigningfuelstoragefacilities,whichinclude: storageareawhichisclosetotheselectedconversionsystem boilerorgasifier ,characteristicsof wood fuel to be stored, additional feedstock preparation requirements, backup storage capacity, seasonalweathervariation,andoperationalrequirementsoftheselectedconversiontechnology.
A fuel feeding system would transfer wood from storage facility to a selected conversion system. WoodybiomassfromLamtoroGungplantationsisassumedtobepurchasedfromathirdpartythat isappointedbylocalgovernmentwhichisalsoresponsibleforthemanagementoftheplantations andharvesting.
Stumpage,forestoperationalcostsandbiomasstransportationcostsare the costs thatdetermineddeliveredcost. To mitigate this potential problem, a just-in-time delivery system is used so that chips are seldom stored longer than 15 days and the pile height is held under 30 ft Springer ; McDonald and Twaddle Costcomponentofrevolvingloanfundasworkingcapital A. Foodcropcost inaagroforestrypattern Ha 1,, TotalD 1,, E.
Twooptionsareconsideredforwoodsupplyfromasupplier: Wooddeliveredtostoragefacilityintheformofwoodlog Inthis case,thepower plantinvestmentshouldincludefuelpretreatmentsfacility drying, chipping,andscreening. Wooddeliveredtostoragefacilityintheformofwoodchip Thewoodchipwouldbedeliveredfromaselectedsuppliertodeliverwoodchipeitherby the tons, volume or energy content, depending on what is stated in an agreement of fuel supply.
The supplier must provide wood chips according to the specification required for the selected technology. Consistencyinsizeandmoisturecontentaswellasacontinueamountofsupplyis priority. Therefore, fuel quality control is highly necessary for smooth operation of the power plant. Aqualityassurancefromthesuppliershouldbeputintheagreementtoreducetroubles inoperatingthepowerplant. Biomass process would improve the characteristics of biomass as a fuel. The processes mainly involve the reduction of moisture content and improving characteristics of biomass.
The energy content of biomass is utilized through one of following three processes: physical, biological and thermochemical, of which biological and thermochemical are outside the scope of this pre feasibility. Physicalprocesses It is aimed at modification of the biomass feedstock to improve its fuel characteristics. Some methodsaregivenbelow:. Particlesizereduction: Biomasssizemodificationthroughchippingandfabricationintopelletsfacilitateseasystorage andtransportation.
Thisalsohelpsinachievingfuelcharacteristicsrequiredforcombustionor gasificationtechnology. Separation Screening : Separationprocesswouldberequired toscreenparticlesizeofbeyondthestandardforthe technologyadopted. Drying: Drying process would include vaporisation of all or part of the water in the feedstock.
Solar drying is one of the cheapest methods. Reduction of water content shall reduce energy consumption.
Binding agentssuchasthermoplasticresinscanbeusedformanufacturingpellets. Supplementarybiomass There is no supplementary biomass is considered for the proposed biomass power plant. The biomassusedasfuelisonlyfromLamtoroGungwood. Biomassrisksmitigation Table5. Biomassrisksmitigationtobeconsidered Risks Mitigation Seasonal variation Feedstocksecurityofsupply Itisanticipatedthroughproviding climate Weather and seasonal variations alargebiomassbufferstocks.
Thiscouldanticipate seasonalvariationinSumbaIsland where dry season occur normally for 8 months. Wood can be harvested and stockpiled outdoors to warrant a continue fuel supply during monsoon or when harvesting activity is impossible. Disease Woody biomass production is Energy plantation that is largely prone to plant disease which may depending on the production of loweritsproduction. Periodicalcheckingoftreeshealth wouldbeunavoidable. Fuelsupplycontract Risk of contract violation by biomass Allmainsuppliesarecontracted suppliers withinsurance.
Thisisto Woody biomass from Lamtoro providethemwiththeconceptof Gung tree designed as the the energy plantation for feedstock for the proposed project electricity generation that could is generally used by local benefit people of Sumba Island community in Sumba island as and in local economy cookingfuel. Transportation Long distance from plantation to Estimation of economical distance power plant location, where road feasibility should include transportation is necessary, is sensitivity on among other fuel vulnerabletofuelpricevariation.
This istoforeseetheprojectfeasibility duringtheprojectlifetime. Firerisk Woody biomass is also susceptible Lamtoro Gung energy plantation to fire risk, particularly during dry must be well protected from any season.
Also,biomassfacilitiesrequirefire protection measure. In the development planning, facility for fighting forestry fire hazard shouldbeconsideredaswell. Publicacceptance The public needs to be informed Stakeholders and local people and confident that bioenergy is need to be informed and environmentally and socially convinced that the project would beneficial and does not result in bringenvironmentallyandsocially significant negative environmental benefit and would not result in and social tradeoffs.
However, the negativeimpacts. Generally the conversion technologies are developed through the following conversion routes: thermochemical,physical,biochemicalandchemical. Combustion, pyrolysis and gasification are the three main thermo chemical processes which alter biomass physically and chemically through heating.
These processes depend on temperature, existenceofoxygenandresidencetime. Other two biomass conversion process technology considered are pyrolsis and cogeneration allowingsimultaneousgenerationofheatandpower CHP whichincreasesglobalefficiency. CFP usesacondensingextraction orbackpressure turbine. Aselectedwoodyplantspeciesforbioenergyplantationmusthavehighwoodcalorificvalue,ability toproducewoodofhighdensityandcapabilityforgrowingrapidlyonabroadrangeofsites.
These arerequiredparticularlyrelatedtothecombustionandgasification thermochemical processes. Biomassfuelssuchasthisspecieshavelowerdensitythanfossilfuels suchascoal,oilandgasoline. Asaresult,atanequivalentenergybiomassfuelwouldrequirelarger volumetotransportthanthefossilfuels.
Therefore,itisgenerallyrecommendedtohaveanenergy plantation close to the power plant utilizing biomass as fuel from the plantation as this would minimizethetransportationcost. Forthepurposeofthiereportisisassumedthatthepriceofbiomassis40USDpertononairdry base notwet,notdryweight.
WoodusuallycontainsverysmallinorganicmatterssuchasalkaliandothercompoundssuchasS,P, Cl,N,Al,heavymetals. Afteratotalcombustionofwood,theremaininginorganicmattersarecalled ash. Lamtoro Gung wood contains CombustionTechnology Among thermo chemical conversion technologies of biomass, direct combustion of biomass in a boileristhemostcommontechnologyappliedsofarforgeneratingelectricityandheatgeneration.
With this technology, combustion of biomass produces a hot flue gas which could be used for heating or producing steam for processing purpose or electricity generation. Combustion systems arecommerciallyavailabletechnologyranginginsizesfrom2kWtoMW. The most influencing biomass characteristics in the combustion process are moisture content, chemicalcompositionandenergycontent. Themostcommonlyusedtypesofboilersforbiomasscombustionarestokerboilersandfluidized bedboilers.
FixedbedcombustionBoiler Stoker Gratefurnaces This type furnace is suitable for high moisture content biomass fuels, varying particle sizes limitedtotheamountoffineparticlesinthefuelmixture ,andhighashcontent.
The followings are specific technologies which include stoker boilers, fluidized bed boilers, and cofiring43 StokerBoiler Stoker boilers, the simplest boiler type having relatively small grate, employ direct fire combustion ofsolidfuelswithexcess air. Hotflue gasesproduced generatessteamintheheat exchangesectionoftheboiler. Thesteamcouldbeuseddirectlyforheatingpurposesorpassed throughasteamturbinegeneratorforproducingelectricity. Underfeedstokers supplybothfuelandairfromunderthegrate,whileoverfeedstokerssupplyfuelfromabovethe.
Underfeedsystemwith singlescrewcombustorsisavailableforcapacitiesupto2MWth,whilemultiplescrewcombustors upto6MWth. Two types of overfeed stokers existsmass feed and spreader. In the mass feed stoker, fuel is continuously fed onto one end of the grate surface. Spreader stokers are the most commonly usedstokersbecauseoftheirversatility. Thoughspreaderstokersarethemostcommon stokers among larger woodfired boilers, overfeed and underfeed type stokers boiler are also appliedforsmallerunits44 Dustcombustion Inthissystemcombustiontakesplacewhilethefuelisinsuspensionandgasburnoutisachieved aftersecondaryairaddition.
Variations of these technologies are available. Examples are combustion systems with spreader stokers and cycloneburners. FluidizedBedBoilers Biomass is burnt in a mixed suspension of gas and solid bed material usually silica sand and dolomite influidizedbed. Theseplantsusuallyoperateat full load. The plants are of special interest for large scale applications normally larger than 30 MWth. Fluidized bed boilers are categorized as either atmospheric or pressurized units.
Atmosphericfluidizedbedboilersarefurtherdividedintobubblingbedandcirculatingbedunits; thefundamentaldifferencebetweenbubblingbedandcirculatingbedboilersisthefluidization velocity higherforcirculating. Atmospheric fluidized bed boilers are distinguished further into bubbling fluidised beds BFB and circulating fluidisedbeds CFB havetobedistinguished. The disadvantage of FB combustion plants is the high dust loads entrained withthefluegas,requiringdustprecipitatorsandboilercleaningsystems.
The disadvantages of CFB furnaces are their larger size thus higher price and higher loss of bed. Small biomass particle size required between 0. Burning solid fuels in a pressurized fluidized bed boiler produces a highpressure stream of combustiongases. Afterthecombustiongasespassthroughahotgascleanupsystem,theyare fed into a gas turbine to make electricity, and the heat in the hot exhaust gas stream can be recoveredtoboilwaterforasteamturbine.
Therefore,apressurizedfluidizedbedboilerismore efficient, but also more complicated and expensive. Capital costs of pressurized fluidized bed combustiontechnologyarehigherthanatmosphericfluidizedbeds Forsmallerplants,fixedbedsystemsareusuallymorecosteffective.
Since no major modifications are required in existing plant, it is an economic option for introducing new biomass power generation. Bomass can substitute for up to 20 percent of the coal used in the boiler. Cofiring is typically applied when either the supply of biomass is intermittentorbiomasshashighmoisturecontent. Homogenizationof fuelwithdifferentmoisturecontentsatthefuelyardisanecessity.
Potassium ash content which is relatively high in fresh wood, green particles, and fastgrowing biomass, could cause the ash to melt at low temperatures leading to fouling and slagging.
The efficiency of combustion technology can be increased by applying the socalled cogenerationtechnologyinwhichsimultaneousgenerationofheatandpower CHP occurs.
GasificationTechnology Gasification is a process of converting biomass to combustible producer gas syngas , which is then converted to power in an internal combustion engine. Syngasaftercleaningprocess and filtered canbeburntdirectlyorusedasafuelforgasenginesandturbinesforpowergeneration. Insmallersystems,thesyngascanbefiredin reciprocatingengines,microturbines,Stirlingengines,orfuelcells.
Importantbiomasspropertiesaffectinggasificationprocessare: Moisturecontent Gasificationprocessrequiresrelativedrybiomassfeedstocksforproducingahigherquality gas higher heating value, higher efficiency and lower tar levels.
Theoption is to perform drying using waste heat from the gas engine and is integrated with the gasificationplantformaintainingarelativelyconstantmoisturecontentofthebiomass. Thechemicalcompositionof ashinbiomassaffectsthemelting behaviourofthe ash. Woody biomasscouldproduceashofupto0. The biomass bulk density and morphology together with the heating value will determinetheenergydensityofthegasifierfeedstock,i.
Densityandmorphology Low density of biomass in fixed bed gasifier reactors could cause a high voidage which in turn resulting in channeling, bridging, incomplete conversion and decreasing gasifier capacity. Fluid bed gasifiers have more flexibility to biomass density but feeding remain problematic.
Other advantageofgasificationisthatitsabilitytoreceivelowashmeltingpointfeedstock,unlikedirect combustiontechnology meltedashfoulsboiler. The main drawback in gasification is related to the presence of tars in the syngas, which is corrosiveandmakesthefuelgasinappropriateforuseininternalcombustionengines. However, nowadays,cleaningsystemshavebeeninconstantdevelopment. In many cases, syngas cooling prior to combustion is required to remove tars and other contaminants, thereby losing the sensible heat.
When necessary, predrying of wood is performed prior to gasificationforsustainingcombustion. Three gasification technologies exist; fixed bed gasification, fluidized bed gasification, and entrainedflowgasification. FixedBedGasifiers Fixed bed gasifiers are generally equipped with a fixed grate inside a refractorylined shaft.
Thedistinctionoffixedbedgasifiertypesisbasedonthedirectionofair oroxygen flowinthe gasifier. Adowndraftgasifierinvolvesairflowsdownthroughthebedandleavesasbiogasunder thegrate. Meanwhile, air flows across the bed, exiting as biogas in a crossflow gasifier.
Updraft gasifier produces syngas with higher tar than downdraft gasifier, but high gas outlet temperature of downdraft gasifierformsadrawback. Fixed bed gasifiers are considered suitable for smallscale distributed power generation equipment.
However,itseconomicviabilitydependsonvariableeconomicsofbiomasscollection and feeding and particularly sitespecific. Fixed bed gasifiers are fed with large fuel particles so thatnocomplexfuelpreparationisnecessary.
However,itislimitedtoitsabilitytohandlefine particles. Updrat gasifier produces syngas with high tar content, which requires comprehensive gas cleaning,particularlyforusingininternalcombustionengineswhichrequiresgascooling.
Syngas produced from updraft gasifier could alternatively be used for direct heating application where gascoolingisnotnecessary. There are two designs of fluidized bed gasifier; circulating and bubling fluidized beds.
The benefits of fluidized bed gasifiers are their high productivity per area of bed and flexibility. However, a defined fuel particlesizerangearerequiredforthistypeofgasifier. Entrainedflowgasification This type of gasifier requires fuel in the form of a fine owder typically 0.
The fuel is entrained cocurrently by a carrier gas oxidant , and is gasified. Entrained flow gasifier is operatedathightemperature C. Duetoitshighoperatingtemperature,itresults inCOandH2richgasandrelativelycleangascomparedtofixedbedandfluidizedbedgasifiers. Thefollowingtechnologiesareavailablewithspecificrespecttotheirabilitytorunonbiomassor biogas.
Gas combustion turbines: Gas turbine technology is available for large system. Modifications arerequiredtoexistingnaturalgasturbineforapplyinggasturbineforalowBtugasproduced fromgasification. Gas Engines Syngas produced from biomass gasifiers has been commercially used as fuel for sparkignitiongasengine. However,the dustcontentinthegasshouldbeaslowaspossible.
Syngas can also be used in compression ignition diesel engines. Diesel engine has higher efficiency, greater durability and reliability, simpler maintenance than spark ignition engine. Commercialdieselengines requireonlyminormodificationstosuitforsyngasapplication. Gasifiersizebytype 6. Theoverallefficiencyofacogenerationsystemishigherthanaseparate productionofheatandelectricity.
A CHP system offers a wasteheat recovery for heating, cooling, or process applications. The system consistofanumberofindividualcomponents:heatengine suchascombustionorgasturbines, steamturbines,reciprocatingengines,microturbines,andfuelcells ,electricitygenerator,heat recovery,andelectricalinterconnection.
CHP system based on biomass combustion has been developed with a capacity of higher than 2, kWel with steam turbine proved to be economic and feasible, while in capacity range of between,kWelOrganicRankineCyclehasbeenprovedtobematureintechnology, thoughsteamengineandsteamturbinearealsosuitabletechnologies.
ForaCHPplantupto kWel,stirlingengineprocessisanappropriatechoicesofar. There is no industries in the area considered in this report, as such a CHP system is not recommendedtobedeveloped. Pyrolysis also occurs both in combustionandgasificationatearlierstages.
Pyrolysis in a Medium uses usually water producingbiooilwithreducedoxygencontent orHydrogen forincreasinglighthydrocarbons. Biomass composition will have influence on the pyrolisis products. Pyrolisis of wood produces morevolatilesandlesschar. Itisnotmisciblewithanyconventional hydrocarbonbased fuel. Biooil can be stabilized for longterm storage and converted to a conventionalhydrocarbonfuelthroughoxygenremovalviahydrotreating.
Diesel engines and turbines are considered potentially important markets for biooil rather small generation capacities, cofiring in power stationsislimitedtolargeplants.
SelectionofPowerGenerationTechnologyandoptionsoftechnologyprovider The selection of power generation technology depends on the following items as given in the followingtable,basedonannualavailabilityofselectedbiomassfuelofLamtoroGungwood. The selection of power generation technology depends on the following items as given in the followingtable,basedonannualavailabilityofselectedbiomassfuelofLamtoroGungwood.
Selectionofpowergenerationtechnology Items Gasification Combustion Remarks Plant Minimum10kW Economical Directcombustiontechnologyis capacity combustion simpler,lowercost,moreflexiblein steampower fuelmoistureandsize,andmore generation mature proven thangasification. Moreover,agas enginesystemisrelativelyinexpensiveandreliableaswellasdurable. Despiteofthese,thesystem requiresshortmaintenanceintervalresultinginlowavailability. Basedonthereferencesandasgiveninthetableaboveitisdeterminedthatgasificationtechnology isbettersuitedforthisprojectforthefollowingreasons: Status of the technology: Gasification technology for woody biomass power plant is to a largeextenthasbeencommercializedinthepastdecade.
Althoughthetechnologyresultsin tars,thisissueisconsideredsolvablewithgascleaningtechnologydevelopedsofar. Plantcapacity Minimalwateruse. ThesizeoftheplantisdimensionedwithregardtopotentialavailableLamtoroGungwoodchipsin respectivecandidatesitesandreasonableplantsize. Based on the selected technology for the biomass power plant to be developed, estimation on powerplantsizeforallcandidatesisgiveninthetablebelow.
Rakawatu Candidate2 Pahedutilli Candidate3 Lamboya Candidate4 7. Notwithstanding the potential of the wood available in all candidate sites capable for producing morethan2MW,itissuggestedtodevelopbiomasspowerplantsof1MW. Thereasonforthisis thatover10yearstheprojecteddemandintheIslandisonlyaround10MW.
Moreover,existenceof abundantbiomassresourcefromtheenergyplantationswouldpotentiallysecurebiomassfeedstock fortheplantevenduringlongdryseason. Otherconsiderationtothesuggestion of1MWdevelopmentisthe capability ofPLNtransmission linetowhichtheelectricityoftheplantisconnected. Powerplantlocation Consideringthelandareaforenergyplantation,thereasonabledistancefromtheplantationtothe powerplant ismaximum 20km.
Thisismainlyrelated tothe transportation costofthe harvested woodfromtheplantationsitestotheplant. Gridconnection TheelectricitygeneratedfromtheplantistobeconnectedtoPLNsgridaslocaldemandislower thanthegeneration. Powerplantoperation Theplant biomassgasificationplant willbeoperatedasbaseloadtakingadvantagefromlowerfuel cost than fossil fuel based power plant.
GasificationPlantConfiguration FeedstockPreparation Feedstockpreparationisoneofthemostvitalstagesinensuringproductionofdesiredquantityand qualityofgas. Ifthediameterisaround90mmthenthey will need to be sliced at mm. Minimum dimensions of 15 mm, maximum dimensions of 75 mm.
Thereshouldbenoforeignmatterlikedust,dirt, fines,fibers,stones,debris,soil,oil,metal,plastic,glassetc. Gasification Thegasifierisessentiallyachemicalreactorwherevariouscomplexphysicalandchemicalprocesses take place.
Four distinct processes take place in a gasifier, namely drying of fuel, pyrolysis, combustionandreduction. Biomass is fed into gasifier at specified intervals. The equipment is designed in such a way that it takesinairincontrolledquantities,resultinginpartialoxidationofbiomassintoProducergas. GasCoolingandCleaningSystem Thegascomingoutofthegasifierisatatemperatureofdegreescentigradeorgreater. Thehot gas,generallycontainsalmostnotarandsomeamountoffineparticlesofashandsoot.
Depending on the application, the temperature of the gas may need to be brought down to around ambient temperature. Atthesametime,theashandthetar ifthisisgeneratedatall needtobehandled. Thus,thehotgasleavingthegasifierisgenerally tarfreeovertheoperatingrangeofthegasifier. DryGascleaningsystem Thedrygascleaningsystemessentiallycoolsthegasusingaheatexchanger. Thenthegasispassed throughafabricfilter. Thegasis thenfurthercooled. Advantagesofdrygascleaningsystem: o Nodirectcontactofwaterwithgasforcooling o Hotairgeneratedingascoolerduringcoolingofgascanbeusedfordryingofbiomass o Both particulates and tar are removed in fabric filter are in dry form and hence their handlingbecomeseasier o Reductioninsizeoffinefilters o Lessspacerequiredforinstallation o Lowcaptivepowerrequiredcomparedtowetfiltration.
FineFilteringSystem Thesearesawdustfiltersthatremovetheparticulatesandthetars. Twoormoreofthesefiltersare usedinseries. Thesawdustusedinthese filtersisofacertainqualityandistobechangedperiodically. Theusedsawdustcanbereusedin thegasifier. CheckFilter Apleatedcartridgefilterisusedtoensurethatcoagulatedparticulatesarearrestedatthispoint.
The gascomingoutofthecheckfilterwouldgenerallyhavetotaltarandparticulateleveloflessthan5 mg per Nm3 of gas. Identifiedapotentiallocalcompanyorcommunitywhichcanoperateandmaintainthe plantinthelongterm. It is assumed that PT Usaha Tani Lestari shall manage Lamtoro Gung plantation and supply wood chiptotheproposedpowerplantandtogetheroperateandmaintaintheplantinthelongterm. Thecostforyear,oneoftheconditionsforfinancialanalysis,wasestimatedbasedonthecost datain Candidatesite GrossProduction SalesPlan kWh Candidatesite1 9,, 8,, Candidatesite2 9,, 8,, Candidatesite3 9,, 8,, Candidatesite4 9,, 8,, Since the plant is to be operated 24 hours a day.
The personnel deployment in three shifts is adoptedinplan,withacrewofoneshift,outofthree,setasideforreserve. PlantIncharge Anexperienced 1 Tooverallmonitortheworkingofthe Technicalor plantandwhocandrivetheperformance Commercialperson oftheplant. Labours Skilledlabours 24per 1forbiomasspreprocessingand shift conveyingandthe2ndpersonforGasifier andEnginemaintenance.
Thedetailedcostsfor project implementation will consider engineering capability, shipment and current fabrication of Indonesianindustries. Inordertoreducetheinvestmentcostaninclusionoflocalcontenthasbeen consideredinthecalculation. Thecostestimationofpowerplantfacilitiesforallfourconditionsas setaboveisshowninTable7. Thedurationforoperationisassumedto be20years. Thefinancialanalysisisconductedinrealtermwithoutthegeneralpriceinflation included. Expected Rate of Return on Investment discount factor Adiscountedcashflowanalysiswascarriedouttothebasecasesofthefouridentifiedsitesto calculateaninternalrateofreturnonequityinvestments.
TheresultedIRRisthencomparedwith theexpectedrateofreturnonequityinvestmenttodeterminetheprojectsfinancialviability. Afterdeductingtheinflationfactorthereal expectedrateofreturnforequitycapitalis Itis obviousthatexceptSite1theotherthreesitesarefinanciallyacceptableintheirbasecases. Theabovediscountedcashflowanalysisusespredeterminedassumptionswithouttakinginto accountuncertaintiesthatmaydeviatetheprojectawayfromtheexpectedresult.
Totestthe robustnessoftheresultsofthefinancialmodelinpresenceofuncertainty,sensitivityanalysisis executedtoSite4,whichhasgotthehighestIRR,inordertoenvisagehowthevariabilityinthe outputscanbeapportionedtodifferentsourcesofuncertaintyinitskeyinputs,includingpower tariff,capitalcost,variableoperatingexpense,costofcapital,loaninterestrateandcapacity utilization. Theresultindicates thatthemostsensitivefactorsorthemostinfluentialelementstotheprojectsfinancialviabilityare theelectricitytariffandthenetpoweroutput.
Theoperatingcostandthecostofequitycapitalrank thesecondandthird. Interestinglythecapitalcostranksthesecondfromthebottom,indicatingthe capitalcostdoesnotplayacritcialrole.
Forthesakeofcomparison,theSIforthecapitalcostbeingstandardizedtobe1istakenasa benchmark. Itmeansthatthesensitivitiesof thetariffandthenetoutputare7. Thecostofdebtistheleastsensitivefactorto theprojectsustainability. TheSVresultsillustratethatthelimitforthetariffandnetoutputtobe loweredis9. The capital costs among the four are, therefore, differentiated.
ThefinancialanalysisconcludedthatSite4isthemostfeasibleoptionwhichhasthe highest IRR. Site 1 has to be dropped down as its rate of return is below the threshhold.
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